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Patton
Who2 Biography:George S. Patton, Jr.,
Military Leader / World War II Figure
- Born: 11 November 1885
- Birthplace: San Gabriel, California
-
Died: 21 December 1945
(automobile crash)
- Best Known As: Commander of the U.S. Third Army in World War II
Known as "Old Blood and Guts," George S. Patton, Jr. was one of the
most colorful generals of World War II. Patton went to the Virginia
Military Institute and to West Point, where he was an undistinguished
student but a remarkable athlete. A cavalryman and swordsman in the U.S.
Army, he served on the staff of General John J. Pershing during the 1916 pursuit of Pancho Villa
in Mexico, and during World War I Patton fought in Europe and became an
early expert in a radical new form of battle machine: tanks. After the
war he continued to study tanks, learned to be a pilot and sailor and
held administrative posts in the Army. During World War II he served in
North Africa and Sicily before becoming the commander of the Third Army.
Highly effective, he was also highly unusual: among other mild
eccentricities, he wore ivory-handled Colt. 45 revolvers and (late in
the war) travelled with a bull terrier named Willie. Toward the close of
the war, with Patton using his tanks to their full effectiveness, the
Third Army defied the odds and drove the Nazis across France and back
into Germany. Patton was not known for diplomacy -- in one famous
incident he slapped a hospitalized soldier for what he believed was
cowardice -- and his outspokenness caused him to be relieved of command
of the Third Army after the war.
Actor George C. Scott won an Oscar for playing the general in the 1970 film Patton. The film also won an Academy Award for Francis Ford Coppola,
who co-wrote it with Edmund North... Patton finished fifth in the
Modern Pentathlon at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm. The competition
included riding, pistol shooting, fencing, swimming and running.
Military History Companion:Gen George
Smith Patton
Patton, Gen George Smith (1885-1945). ‘Larger
than life’ is a sobriquet applied to several military figures, but in
this case the title is just. Few generals in history have been the
subject of a flattering film, but the hagiographic Patton
(1970) revived interest in this charismatic officer 25 years after he
died. Inevitably it dwelled on his flamboyance—the polished riding
boots, whip, and pearl-handled revolvers—at the expense of the expertise
and flair he brought to armoured warfare.
He
was in many ways a throwback, a man from a landed, wealthy family who
adored military history and embodied the southern/cavalier military
tradition at a time when others of his class no longer chose to serve in
the armed forces. He attended the Virginia Military Institute, built
around the cult of its old artillery instructor Stonewall Jackson, and then went to West Point where, like Grant, he was top of his class in equitation.
He represented his country at the 1912 Olympics and served in the last
campaign of the old boots-and-saddles US Cavalry in northern Mexico. He
impressed Pershing, who took him on his staff to Europe in 1917. Patton embraced the tank without the reservations that might have been expected of such a tradition-minded officer, and saw action in Renault FTs at Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne.
Between
the wars he was a tactful and effective advocate of armoured warfare
and by 1940 had more experience in the field than any other officer,
being given command of the new 2nd Armoured Division in 1940. As the
senior US armoured commander in North Africa after the TORCH landings,
he was appointed to replace Fredendall in command of II Corps after the
debacle at the Kasserine Pass
in March 1943. In a whirlwind of inspections and meetings with
individual units, he restored morale and combat efficiency before
handing over to Bradley to prepare for the invasion of Sicily.
Promoted lieutenant general and given command of Seventh Army, he drove
it to Palermo and then to Messina at a speed that surprised his own
people as well as the Germans. The run to Messina was a piece of
one-upmanship at the expense of Montgomery and laid the basis for a poisonous rivalry.
At a stop at a field hospital, he slapped the face of a shell-shocked soldier and accused him of cowardice. When word leaked out, the US press excoriated him and Eisenhower
relieved him of command. The German high command simply did not believe
that the finest field commander the US possessed could be disgraced
over such a trivial matter, which added greatly to the credibility of
his next assignment. This was commanding an entirely notional army group
in south-east England as part of FORTITUDE, the deception operation
that kept German units awaiting an invasion at the Pas de Calais even
after the Normandy landings, where Bradley commanded the First US Army that would have been Patton's were it not for the slapping incident.
Highly
political though he was, Eisenhower knew there was only one man to
command the Third US Army in the breakout from Normandy, and Patton did
not disappoint him. He charged across France, his flanks wide open,
grabbing supplies destined for other formations, and even so his
advanced units sometimes ran out of petrol. It made him the only
exponent of blitzkrieg
the western Allies produced during WW II and to the quibble that he
encountered no organized resistance he would have replied, rightly, that
this was a consequence of the speed of his advance. Grave doubts about
his competence in positional warfare emerged before Metz in
September-December 1944, but he turned his army through 90 degrees to
counter-attack during the battle of the Bulge in inimitable style.
The
press nicknamed him ‘Old Blood and Guts’, prompting his soldiers to
comment ‘Yeah, our blood and his guts’. But they were intensely proud to
serve under him and he proved able to get performances that few other
US commanders could approach. He continued to drive them mercilessly
until the end of the war, reaching Czechoslovakia in early May, having
received his fourth star a month earlier. He was disgusted to be ordered
to withdraw and let the Soviets take possession of land he felt he had
won, and was not assuaged by his appointment as military governor in
Bavaria. The press eventually provoked him into criticizing US policy
with regard to de-Nazification and relations with the Soviets. Dismissed
for the last time in October 1945, while still in Germany he died in a
car accident in December.
He had said that a warrior should die
from the last bullet in the last battle of the war, and he came close to
fulfilling that ideal. His style of heroic leadership was already
giving way to the managerial approach while he lived, and he would have
been disgusted at what happened to his beloved army after the war. He
was not a man of the people and did not pretend to be, which makes his
achievement all the more remarkable. He took a citizen army from a not
very martial culture and brought it to share his warrior spirit, with
the help of profane pep talks. |
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